ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING IMPLICATIONS ARISING FROM THE CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND 2010 AND 2011 EARTHQUAKES

EM PORTUGUÊS

EN ESPAÑOL

Andrew Charleson is a member of the panel of discussion into the Special Session

THE ABSTRACT OF HIS PAPER: 

ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING IMPLICATIONS ARISING FROM THE CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND 2010 AND 2011 EARTHQUAKES.

After the four very damaging earthquakes that occurred close to the City of Christchurch several significant wide-ranging investigations are being undertaken. Improvements are likely to be required to current built environment development and professional practice that will impact architects and urban planners. 

Architectural practice will inevitably be required to place more emphasis upon reducing structural irregularities in new buildings, increase the resilience of non-structural elements, and to become more proactive in adopting new seismic engineering technologies. The goal is to achieve a safer and less damage-prone environment. At the same time, experience of extensive liquefaction under both Christchurch’s urban and suburban areas will lead to requirements for greater integration between urban planners and geotechnical engineers. 

COLLAPSED BUILDING IN CHRISTCHURCH (REUTERS)

As well as impacting upon the practice of architecture, the earthquake damage has also raised serious questions regarding the adequacy of the seismic education of architects. The quality and quantity of Structures and Seismic Design education in New Zealand schools of architecture is being considered by the New Zealand Registered Architects Board. It is possible increased exposure to these technologies may be recommended, not only for architects becoming registered for the first time, but also for more experienced architects requiring to maintain their professional registration.

ABOUT ANDREW CHARLESON

ANDREW CHARLESON

Andrew Charleson is an Associate Professor at the School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington. Currently he is the Director of the Earthquake Hazard Centre, a NGO that has disseminated earthquake damage mitigation information to developing countries throughout the world since 1997. 

He is also a Director of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) and the Editor-in-Chief of the World Housing Encyclopedia, which is supported by IAEE and EERI. 

Andrew has authored two books, Structure as Architecture: a source book for architects and structural engineers, in 2005, and in 2008, Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Quake. 

His words: "... I am currently working on three research projects that investigate: the re-use of materials for sustainable building building materials use and forms of structural systems used in contemporary architecture seismic performance of low cost housing in developing countries. 

My research of the re-use of materials for sustainable building is centred on reinforcing adobe houses with straps cut from the treads of used car tyres. The findings from this research are being written up as a construction manual. The next step in the project is to arrange a pilot project, where the structure can be tested in a developing country that is seismically active, like Peru, it has houses and buildings that are seismically retrofitted. 

This project also flows into my research into approaches that improve the seismic performance of low-cost houses in developing countries. 

I am also investigating the use of materials, types and forms of structural systems in cutting-edge contemporary works of architecture ..."

Authored Book 

Charleson, A. (2008). Seismic Design for Architects. Architectural Press. 1 Ed. (pp. 281). Burlington, MA, USA. 

Charleson, A W. (2005). Structure as architecture. Architectural Press, Elsevier. (pp. 228). Oxford, England 

Taylor, M M., Preston, J J., & Charleson A W. (2002). Moments of Resistance. Archadia Press. (pp. 104). Sydney, Australia. 

Chapter in Book 

Storey, J B., Gjerde, M., Charleson, A W., Pedersen Zari, M. (2005). The report 6 the state of deconstruction in New Zealand. In by A. Chini (Eds). (March Ed.). Deconstruction and materials reuse-an international overview. (pp. 92). Rotterdam, CIB and University of Florida. 

Taylor, M., Preston, J., & Charleson, A W. (2000). The myth of the matter: parallel surfaces of seismic linings. Re-framing Architecture: Theory, Science and Myth. Ins by M J, Ostwald., & R, John Moore. Archadia Press. (pp. 189-199). Sydney, Australia. 

Selected Publications 

Sutjiadi, H Y., Charleson, A W., & Baird, G. (2010). The Structural Design of a Double-Layer Space Structure for a 100-Storey Building. High Rise Towers and Tall Buildings 2010 - Design and Construction of Safe and Sustainable High Rise Structures. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Konrad Zilch. (pp. 78-79). Munich, Germany. 

Sutjiadi, H.Y., Charleson, A. W. and Baird, G. (Apr, 2010). The Structural Design of a Double-Layer Space Structure for a 100-Storey Building. Proceedings of the Conference on High Rise Towers and Tall Buildings. (pp. 14-16). Munich, Germany. 

Nordin, J. and Charleson, A. W. (2009). Tsunami Responsive Architecture: Sustainability of the houses and inhabited structures along the coast of Malaysia. Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Workshop and Expo on the Sumatra Tsunami Disaster and Recovery (AIWEST-DR 2009). (pp. 20-24). 

Charleson, A W. (2009). Comparison between Contemporary Architectural Form in Cities with High Versus Low Seismicity. Earthquake Spectra. Vol. 25, No. 1. (pp. 1-15). 

Charleson, A W., & Pirie, S. (2009). An investigation of structural engineer-architect collaboration. Journal of the Structural Engineering Society New Zealand. Vol. 22, No.1. (pp. 97-104). 

Charleson, A W. (2009, March). Research on used car tyre strap reinforced adobe construction in Peru. Proceedings of the conference of the NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering. (pp. 10). 

Journal Contribution - Research Article 

Charleson, A W., & Pirie, S. (2009, April). An Investigation of Structural Engineer-Architect Collaboration. Journal of the Structural Engineering Society New Zealand. 22, 1. (pp. 97-104). 

Charleson, A. (2009, February). Comparison between contemporary architectural form in cities with high versus low seismicity. Earthquake Spectra - The Professional Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 25, 1. (pp. 1-16). 

Charleson, A W., & Perez, N. (2009). Long-span Timber Buildings - A Review of Recent International Projects. New Zealand Timber Design Journal. 17, 4. (pp. 19-28). 

Charleson, A W. (2002). Beyond Utility (Part 1). New Zealand Timber Design Journal. 11, 1. (pp. 3-10). 

Charleson, A W. (2002). Beyond Utility (Part 2). New Zealand Timber Design Journal. 11, 3. (pp. 9-16). 

van de Vorstenbosch, G G., Charleson, A W., Dowrick D J. (2002). Reinforced Concrete Building Performance in the Mw 7.8 1931 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, Earthquake. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering. 35, 3. (pp. 149-164). 

Charleson, A W. (2001, March-April). Architecture and Seismic Design. Architecture + Design, A Journal of Indian Architecture. (pp. 38-42). 

Charleson, A W., & Fyfe, G D. (2001). Earthquake Building Damage in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Reconnaissance Reports. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. 34, 2. (pp. 158-163). 

Charleson, A W., Preston, J., & Taylor, M. (2001). Architectural expression of seismic strengthening. Earthquake Spectra. 17, 3. (pp. 417-426). 

Conference Paper in Published Proceedings 

Sutjiadi, H Y., Charleson, A W., & Baird, G. (2010). The Structural Design of a Double-Layer Space Structure for a 100-Storey Building. High Rise Towers and Tall Buildings 2010 - Design and Construction of Safe and Sustainable High Rise Structures. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Konrad Zilch. (pp. 78-79). Munich, Germany. 

Sutjiadi, H.Y., Charleson, A. W. and Baird, G. (Apr, 2010). The Structural Design of a Double-Layer Space Structure for a 100-Storey Building. Proceedings of the Conference on High Rise Towers and Tall Buildings. (pp. 14-16). Munich, Germany. 

Nordin, J. and Charleson, A. W. (2009). Tsunami Responsive Architecture: Sustainability of the houses and inhabited structures along the coast of Malaysia. Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Workshop and Expo on the Sumatra Tsunami Disaster and Recovery (AIWEST-DR 2009). (pp. 20-24). 

Charleson, A W. (2009). Research on Used Car Tyre Strap Reinforced Adobe Construction in Peru. 2009 NZSEE Conference. New Zealand, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Inc. (pp. 1-8). Wellington, New Zealand. 

Charleson, A W., & French, M A. (2008). Used Car Tyre Straps as Seismic Reinforcement for Adobe Houses. 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 14WCEE. Beijing, China. CD ROM. 

Murty, C V R., & Charleson, A. (2008). Using the World Housing Encyclopaedia to improve house earthquake safety. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 14WCEE. Beijing, China. CD ROM. 

Charleson, A W. (2006). Low-Cost Tension Resistance To Improve Seismic Safety of Adobe Construction: Strips cut from Used Car Tyres. 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. EERI. San Francisco, United States of America. 

Charleson, A W. (2006). Earthquake engineering education and empowerment of architecture and civil engineering students. 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. EERI. (pp. 1-10). San Francisco, United States of America. 

Charleson, A W., & French, M. (2005, March). Improving seismic safety of adobe construction with used car-tyre strips: preliminary investigations. Proceedings of the conference of the NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering, 11-13 March 2005. Paper 32. 

Reich, E., & Charleson, A W. (2005). Potential seismic resistant strategies from other fields. Proceedings of the conference of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 11-13 March 2005. Paper 42. 

Charleson, A W. (2004). Strengthening the Link Between Earthquake Engineering and Architecture. Proceedings of the NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering conference. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. (pp. 1-8). Wellington, New Zealand. 

Charleson, A W., Cook, B., & Bowering, G. (2004). Assessing and increasing the level of earthquake preparedness in New Zealand homes. Proceedings of the Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. (pp. 1-8). Wellington, New Zealand. CD-ROM. 

Charleson, A W., & Taylor, M. (2004). Earthquake Architecture Exploration. Proceeding of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. (pp. 1-9). Vancouver, Canada. 

Gjerde, M., Storey, J B., Charleson, A W., & Pedersen Zari, M. (2003, May). The State Of Deconstruction In New Zealand. 11th Rinker International Conference on Deconstruction and Materials Reuse. CIB. 287. Gainesville FL, United States of America. 

Baird, G., Wood, P M., & Charleson, A W. (2002). Learning stratagems: integration of architectural design with building services and structures. Annual ANZAScA 2002 Conference. Deakin University. 1, November. (pp. 43-50). 

Baird, G., Wood, P M., & Charleson, A W. (2002). Learning Strategems: Integration of Architectural Design with Building Services and Structures. Proceedings of the 36th Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA). Ins by Osterhaus, W., & McIntosh, J. (Eds). Victoria University of Wellington, School of Architecture. 2. (pp. 1-8). Wellington, New Zealand. 

Charleson, A W. (2002, October). Concrete architecture - roles of exposed structural elements. Proceedings of the New Zealand Concrete Society Conference. 

Charleson, A W., & D'Ayalya, D. (2002, September). Review of seismic strengthening guidelines for R.C. buildings in developing countries. 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper 820. 

Charleson, A W., & Gjerde, M. (2001, October). Innovation and Excellence: a review of recent world architectural concrete. Proceedings of the New Zealand Concrete Society Conference. (pp. 150-155). Wairakei, New Zealand. 

Charleson, A W., Taylor, M., & Preston, J. (2001). Envisioning Earthquake Architecture in New Zealand. Proceedings of the NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering Technical Conference. Ins by Technical Committee. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. Paper 3.01.01. (pp. 1-7). Wairakei, New Zealand. 

Benedetti, C., & Charleson, A W. (2000). Exposed architectural timber design: a state-of-the-art summary and resource of contemporary international practice. Proceedings of the World Conference on Timber Engineering. (pp. 522-528). Vancouver, Canada. 

Charleson, A W., & Taylor, M. (2000). Towards an earthquake architecture. Proceedings 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. NZ National Society for Earthquake Engineering. Paper 0858. Auckland, New Zealand. CD ROM. 

Preston, J., Taylor, M., & Charleson, A W. (2000). Matters of architecture and gravity. In Spite of... Because of: 2000 ACSA West Regional Conference, Tempe, Arizona State University. Ins by Van Duzer, L. (Eds). Arizona State University. (pp. 77-84). Arizona, United States of America. 

Taylor, M., Preston, J., & Charleson, A W. (2000). Seismic resistance: heritage, architecture and the post-colonial. Proceedings of the Second Australasian Conference on Engineering Heritage. Ins by Hill, R F., & Lowe, P G. (Eds). Institution of Professional Engineers (IPENZ). (pp. 217-222). Auckland, New Zealand. 

AFTER LISBON. THE 1783 SEISMIC DISASTER IN CALABRIA (SOUTH ITALY): BUILDING REGULATIONS AND NEW TOWNS, AN UNFINISHED PROJECT

VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL

EM PORTUGUÊS

A PRESENTATION IN THIS SPECIAL SESSION BY EMANUELA GUIDOBONI (A MEMBER OF THE PANEL: THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING IN THE EARTHQUAKE-RESILIENCE OF CITIES)

Less than thirty years after the Lisbon catastrophe, the centre and south of Calabria was struck by five devastating earthquakes between 2 February and 30 March 1783, reducing the area, in the description of contemporaries, to “a heap of rubble”. The destruction extended to Messina (Sicily), at the time an important trading centre. Historical research in archives has brought to light the seismic areas activated and the whole scenario of effects in urban centres and villages, and in natural environment (landslides, fissures, liquefaction phenomena, the creation of new lakes and complete re-routing of rivers). This highly complex seismic sequence also caused tsunami in the Straits of Messina.

VUE DE L'OPTIQUE COMPOSITION (HAND COLORED COPPER ENGRAVING USED IN THE LATERNA MAGICA TECHNIQUE) SHOWING SEA SHIPS AND BOATS ENDANGERED IN THE ROUGH WATERS OF THE MESSINA STRAIT DISTURBED BY THE 1783 EARTHQUAKE. FROM HISTORY OF GEOLOGY

Aftershocks in their hundreds went on for some four years. Such a sequence nowadays would be devastating in its impact, given the demographic density and the poor quality building of modern Calabria. The entire area thus stands at high seismic risk. Portugal’s 1755 experience was partly drawn on when it came to designing new housing in 1784 (from the gaibola to the casa baraccata). New Calabrian townships were designed to a regular grid plan with broad streets and low-rise buildings to increase seismic resistance.

New building regulations were issued by the Bourbon government, but then not enforced. A decade later in 1799, the anti-Bourbon uprising overthrew the government: amid institutional weakness and political/social strife, the anti-seismic project fell into abeyance. A kind of amnesia descended on the earthquake issue, for which later generations would pay dearly when quakes struck the region once more. Historical analysis of this crucial seismic sequence embraces scientific, town-planning and cultural aspects of this disaster.


MORE ABOUT EMANUELA GUIDOBONI

Emanuela Guidoboni, completed a Laurea in History, specialising in the Mediaeval, at the University of Bologna, taken to a Master’s in Archiving and Paleography. Since 1982 she has carried out research on historical earthquakes, defining specialised historical analyses for further scientific use of the data for seismology and geophysics. From 1983 to 2007, she was the President of and scientific head for the research society SGA (Storia Geofisica Ambiente srl), one of the most important producers of data on historical seismicity in Europe.

For the INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Vulcanologia) she planned and directed historical research on Italian earthquakes, which was then collected together in the Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy from the Ancient World to the 20th Century (and studies and databanks that have made thousands of new data available on the Italian seismicity (first release in 1995, last of 2007: Guidoboni et al., Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy from 461 BC. to 2000 and in the Mediterranean Area, from 760 BC to 1500, An Advanced Laboratory of Historical Seismology, http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med. Emanuela Guidoboni published the Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area with G.Traina and A. Comastri (1994) and the Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area - 11th to 15th Century with A. Comastri (2005).

EMANUELA GUIDOBONI

These catalogues have made available the original sources and the evaluations of the effects of hundreds of earthquakes. Consultant for the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) for the north African countries and for the sub-Caucasian area, Emanuela revised the historical earthquake catalogues for the seismic hazard in Tunisia, Morocco and Armenia.

For the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, for the Seismic Risk Maps for the Monuments of Sicily and Calabria, she is responsible for seismic anamnesis of the monuments.

For the Department of Civil Protection (Italy) Emanuela Guidoboni is also involved in studies for volcanic eruptions (Vesuvius, Etna and Campi Flegrei) in the ancient and medieval periods up to the end of the 17th century, through analysing original historical sources and ancient treatises.




Moreover, she has analysed Italian and Mediterranean tsunamis, from ancient and medieval periods, on which Emanuela Guidoboni has published numerous scientific articles. She has also carried out activities as a visiting professor in various Italian universities (Venice, Florence, Bologna, Reggio Calabria), and in schools of specialisation in archaeology and restoration (Florence and Naples).

The success of the method adopted delineated a new scientific discipline of Historical Seismology, on which she published the first handbook with J. Ebel: Earthquakes and Tsunamis of the Past. A Guide to the Problems and Methods of Historical Seismology (2009, Cambridge University Press). In 2007-2011 she is Senior Researcher at the INGV, and is responsible for the Units of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Climate: History and Archaeology.

On February 2011 Emanuela Guidoboni founded the Euro-Mediterranean Documentation Centre on Extreme Events and Disasters (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo di Documentazione EVENTI ESTREMI E DISASTRI), based in Spoleto (Italy), for the scientific, historical and cultural divulgation on great and medium destructive impacts of disasters end their humane and natural causes (www.centroeedis.it).

MESSINA 1908 (PICTURE COURTESY OF WIKIPEDIA)

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS AND PLANNERS IN CREATING THE FOUNDATION FOR EFFECTIVE ASEISMIC BUILDING AND LAND USE REGULATION IN CITIES

FRED KRIMGOLD

THE ABSTRACT FOR THIS SPECIAL SESSION: 

Reduction of earthquake risk in cities requires safe siting and safe construction. The best available approach to achieving these objectives has been the establishment of effective building and land use regulatory systems. Effective regulation provides for the systematic application of hazard and construction knowledge to reducing risk in the built environment. Safety regulation is a complex topic that requires a balance of technical/structural knowledge with social/economic and political knowledge. The architectural and planning professions provide the multi-disciplinary context for addressing issues of building and land use regulation. Extension of participatory design and planning approaches can be extended to the regulatory process. Creation of the foundation for self-regulation should take priority in pre-disaster risk reduction activities and should be an integral component of post-disaster reconstruction and recovery. A brief proposal for regulatory development for Haiti will be presented.

FRED KRIMGOLD

Fred Krimgold is Director of the Disaster Risk Reduction Program of the Advanced Research Institute of Virginia Tech. He is an architect and has served as Program Director of the Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Program at the National Science Foundation and as a consultant to the World Bank, USAID, FEMA and the US Department of Homeland Security. Dr. Krimgold holds a Doctorate of Technology in Architecture and Planning from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, and a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Yale University.